(2023 年全国甲卷阅读 D 篇) As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
解析：As 引导时间状语从句，表 “随着”；从句中 “where they haven’t been seen in a century or more” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 places；主句用现在进行时的被动语态 “are increasingly being sighted”，强调 “被人类发现” 这一动作的持续发生。
句意：随着灰熊的活动范围扩展到它们一个多世纪以来未曾出现过的地方，它们越来越多地被人类发现。
(2022 年新高考 I 卷阅读 D 篇) Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.
解析：主句核心结构是“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that...”，that 引导宾语从句；从句中 “after the Neolithic age” 是时间状语；“with the use of ‘f’ and ‘v’ increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years” 是独立主格结构，作伴随状语，补充说明全球语音变化的具体表现。
句意：对语言数据库的分析还证实，新石器时代之后语音也发生了全球性变化，在过去几千年里，“f” 和 “v” 的使用显著增加。
(2021 年全国乙卷阅读 D 篇) Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
解析：主句核心结构是“the researchers found that...”，that 引导宾语从句；从句中包含由 and yet 连接的两个并列分句，表转折；第二个分句中 “while also providing freedom from interruptions” 是现在分词短语作伴随状语，省略了主语 a coworking space or a coffee shop 和 be 动词 is。
句意：研究人员发现，面对面的互动与交流确实会影响创作过程，但共享办公空间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度噪音的同时，又能让人免受打扰。
(2020 年新高考 I 卷阅读 C 篇) Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea.
解析：主句为“Hence this book”，“Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia” 是书名作同位语；“which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 this book；“where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 Karakalpakstan，where 在从句中作地点状语。
句意：因此，才有了这本书《追逐大海：迷失在中亚帝国的往事中》，书中讲述了从塔什干到卡拉卡尔帕克斯坦的公路旅行，那里的数百万生命因海洋逐渐干涸而遭到摧毁。
(2019 年全国 Ⅰ 卷阅读 C 篇) Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
解析：本句是由 and 连接的并列句。第一个分句为简单句；第二个分句中 “by extension” 是插入语，表 “进而、由此”；“whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to” 是宾语从句，作 and 的并列宾语；“it’s connected to” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 the computer，省略了关系代词 that；“regardless of whether someone gets the password right” 是介词短语作状语，whether 引导宾语从句。
句意：因此，键盘能确定人的身份，然后确定是否可以让他们访问已连接的电脑，不管这个人是否输入了正确的密码。
(2018 年全国 Ⅱ 卷阅读 D 篇) It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary.
解析：本句为 it 作形式主语的复合句，真正主语是 that 引导的主语从句；从句中包含由 because 引导的原因状语从句，从句中又包含两个并列分句 “it’s awkward and challenging” 和 “we think it’s annoying and unnecessary”，由 or 连接，表示选择关系。
句意：更有可能的是，我们没有人开始对话，因为这很尴尬且具有挑战性，或者我们认为这很烦人且没有必要。
(2017 年全国 Ⅱ 卷阅读 D 篇) Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.
解析：“Back in 1983” 是时间状语；“Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin” 是同位语，解释说明 two scientists；主句核心结构是 “two scientists reported that...”，that 引导宾语从句；从句中 “getting bitten by insects” 是现在分词短语作定语，修饰 young maple trees；“that neighboring plants can get” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 a particular smell。
句意：早在 1983 年，杰克・舒尔茨和伊恩・鲍德温两个科学家报道说，当小枫树受到昆虫攻击时，会释放一种周边植物能够获得的特殊气味。
(2016 年全国 Ⅱ 卷阅读七选五) It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.
解析：主句核心结构是“It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding...”，with 后接两个并列的动名词短语作宾语；“who you are with respect to the natural world” 和 “how you approach the gardening process” 是并列宾语从句，作 understanding 的宾语。
句意：它始于窥探自己的内心，和明白就自然界而言你是谁，以及如何处理园艺工作流程。
(2025 年 1 月浙江卷阅读 B 篇) I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions.
解析：本句是由 and 连接的并列复合句。第一个分句用现在完成进行时 “have been trying out”，强调 “尝试策略” 的持续过程；第二个分句中 that 引导宾语从句，从句中 when 引导时间状语从句，“do make” 中 do 表示强调，加强语气。
句意：我一直在尝试这些策略，并且发现当我减少限制时，他们确实会做出更好的决定。
(2024 年新课标 II 卷阅读 D 篇) She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
解析：主句核心结构是“She writes from...rather than as...”，“rather than” 表 “而不是”，连接两个并列的状语；“making for a guide which...and which...” 是现在分词短语作结果状语；两个 which 引导并列定语从句，修饰先行词 a guide，第二个从句中 “by the close” 表示 “到最后”。
句意：她从一个商人的实际角度而不是从一位学者的角度进行写作，将该书写成了一个既浅显易懂，又信息充实的指导书，读者看完后会感到自己跟 AI 一样聪明。
(2023 年新课标 I 卷阅读 C 篇) You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
解析：主句核心结构是“You’ll hear...and learn...”，两个并列谓语后接宾语；“what strategies worked well for them” 和 “what traps they encountered that you should avoid” 是并列宾语从句，作 learn 的宾语；第二个宾语从句中 “that you should avoid” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 what traps。
句意：你将听到这些参与者的故事，了解哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到的你应避免的陷阱。
(2022 年全国乙卷阅读 C 篇) With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
解析：“With their ability to see ahead” 是介词短语作状语，“to see ahead” 是不定式短语作定语，修饰 ability；主句核心结构是 “they could signal any problem”；so that 引导目的状语从句，说明 “发出信号” 的目的。
句意：(无人机) 因有预警能力，可以提前告知要出现的问题，使快速行驶的列车作出及时反应。
(2021 年新高考 I 卷阅读七选五) The French take their 35-hour workweek seriously—so seriously that some labor unions recently struck a deal with a group of companies limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call.
解析：主句核心结构是“The French take their 35-hour workweek seriously”；破折号后 “so seriously that...” 是结果状语从句，so...that... 表 “如此…… 以至于……”；从句中 “limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call” 是现在分词短语作定语，修饰 a deal；“that independent contractors can be on call” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 the number of hours。
句意：法国人认真对待每周 35 小时的工作 —— 如此认真以至于一些工会最近与一些公司达成协议，限制独立合同工待命的时间总数。
(2020 年全国 I 卷阅读 D 篇) The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
解析：主句核心结构是“The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off ‘switch’”；“where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 an on and off “switch”，where 在从句中作地点状语；从句中 “when exposed to daylight” 是时间状语从句的省略形式，完整形式为 “when it is exposed to daylight”。
句意：工程师们还致力于研发一种“开关”，使植物发出的微光在接触日光时能自动逐渐减弱。
(2019 年全国 Ⅲ 卷阅读 B 篇) If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China—its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.
解析：if 引导条件状语从句；主句核心结构是 “you are talking about China”；破折号后是并列成分，补充说明 China 在时尚领域的体现，其中 “how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways” 是宾语从句，作 talking about 的并列宾语，that 指代前文提到的中国在时尚领域的影响等内容。
句意：如果你今天谈论时尚，你就是在谈论中国—— 它的影响、它的方向、它令人惊叹的服装，以及年轻设计师和模特们最终如何在许多方面承认这一点。
(2018 年全国 Ⅰ 卷阅读 C 篇) The median number of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
解析：主句核心结构是“The median number of speakers is a mere 6,000”；which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个主句的内容；从句中 that 引导宾语从句，作 means 的宾语；“spoken by fewer people than that” 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 half the world’s languages，that 指代 6,000。
句意：使用这些语言的人数的中位数仅有 6,000 人，这就意味着有为数一半 (3,400 种) 的全球语言的使用人数是少于 6,000 人的。
(2017 年全国 Ⅲ 卷阅读 D 篇) The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.
解析：主句核心结构是“The DriveLAB is helping us to understand...”；“what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers” 和 “how we might use technology to address these problems” 是并列宾语从句，作 understand 的宾语。
句意：DriveLAB 正在帮助我们了解老年驾驶者的关键压力所在和所面临的各种困难，以及我们如何运用技术手段解决这些问题。
(2016 年全国 Ⅰ 卷完形填空) Approaching the vehicle, they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window.
解析：“Approaching the vehicle” 是现在分词短语作状语，表 “走近车辆时”；主句核心结构是 “they saw that...”，that 引导宾语从句；从句中 “was trying to get out of the broken window” 是过去进行时，强调 “正在试图从破碎车窗爬出” 的动作。
句意：他们走进车子，看到一名妇女正试图从破碎的车窗中爬出。
(2025 年全国一卷阅读 A 篇) As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation—which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.
解析：As 引导时间状语从句，表 “当…… 时”，“races to decarbonize everything” 表示 “竞相推动所有事物脱碳”；主句核心结构是 “it faces particular problems with transportation”；which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代 transportation，说明交通领域的排放占比。
句意：当全世界竞相推动各领域脱碳时，交通运输领域问题尤为突出—— 其温室气体排放约占能源相关排放总量的四分之一。
(2024 年全国甲卷阅读七选五) It actually takes a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly and stop eating before you feel full.
解析：本句是由 so 连接的并列复合句。第一个分句为 it 作形式主语的句型，真正主语是 “for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food”，that 引导宾语从句；so 引导结果状语从句，提出建议，“before you feel full” 是时间状语从句。
句意：我们的大脑需要一定时间来让身体作出反应，告知我们已经吃得足够了，所以要慢慢吃，在感觉饱了之前就停止进食。
(2023 年新课标 II 卷阅读 D 篇) They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.
解析：主句核心结构是“They surveyed several hundred park-goers”；“asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park” 是现在分词短语作伴随状语；“of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park” 是介词短语作定语，修饰 a written summary；“they had with nature in the park” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 a meaningful interaction，省略了关系代词 that。
句意：他们调查了数百名游园者，要求他们在线提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然互动的有意义的经历。
(2022 年新高考 II 卷阅读 C 篇) The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.
解析：主句核心结构是“The technology could determine whether...”；whether 引导宾语从句，从句中包含三个并列谓语 “had just texted, emailed or done anything else”；“that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 anything else。
句意：该技术可以确定司机是否刚发过短信、邮件或做了纽约免提驾驶法下所不允许的其他任何事情。
(2021 年全国甲卷完形填空) This training taught her to read and write her Chinese upside down—a skill that has turned out to be quite practical, especially whenever we share the newspaper.
解析：主句核心结构是“This training taught her to read and write her Chinese upside down”，“to read and write her Chinese upside down” 是不定式短语作宾语补足语；破折号后 “a skill that has turned out to be quite practical” 是同位语，解释说明前面的内容；“that has turned out to be quite practical” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 a skill；“especially whenever we share the newspaper” 是时间状语从句，补充说明实用性的场景。
句意：这种训练教会她倒着认字和写字—— 这种技巧在我们共读一张报纸时尤为实用。
(2020 年新高考 II 卷阅读 C 篇) Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.
解析：主句核心结构是“a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again”，so...that... 结构中 that 省略；“with seemingly harmless improvements” 是介词短语作伴随状语；until 引导时间状语从句，表 “直到…… 为止”，“suddenly” 是插入语，加强语气。
句意：亦或是某个设计过于成功，以至于被反复应用于其他场景中，并加以看似无害的改进，直到某天，它突然彻底失效。
(2019 年全国 Ⅱ 卷语法填空) When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.
解析：When 引导时间状语从句；从句中 “saying she was short-listed” 是现在分词短语作定语，修饰 a call；“she was short-listed” 是宾语从句，作 saying 的宾语；主句核心结构是 “we thought it was a joke”，it 指代 “she was short-listed” 这件事。
句意：当我们接到电话通知说她已入选最终名单时，我们以为这是个玩笑。
(2018 年全国 Ⅲ 卷语法填空) I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.
解析：主句核心结构是“I quickly lower myself”；“ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes” 是现在分词短语作伴随状语，“to avoid looking directly into his eyes” 是不定式短语作目的状语；so 引导结果状语从句，表 “以便”。
句意：我迅速低下身子，低下头以避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会感觉受到挑衅。
(2017 年全国 Ⅱ 卷完形填空) I had advised the kids that while verbs (动词) may seem dull, most of the fun things they do throughout their lives will be verbs.
解析：主句核心结构是“I had advised the kids that...”，that 引导宾语从句；从句中 while 引导让步状语从句，表 “虽然”；“they do throughout their lives” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 most of the fun things，省略了关系代词 that。
句意：我告诉过他们：虽然动词看上去枯燥乏味，但生活中所做的大部分趣事都是用动词来表达的。
(2016 年全国 Ⅱ 卷完形填空) The woman sitting at the desk, seeing my madness, sympathetically jumped up.
解析：主句核心结构是“The woman jumped up”；“sitting at the desk” 和 “seeing my madness” 是并列的现在分词短语作定语，修饰 The woman；sympathetically 是副词作状语，修饰 jumped up。
句意：坐在桌子旁的她，看到了我疯狂的举动，同情地跳了起来。
(2025 年 1 月浙江卷阅读 A 篇) Interlibrary Loan (ILL) provides teachers, students and staff with access to books that are checked out or not owned by our own libraries, as well as digitized copies of articles and book chapters from our collection.
解析：主句核心结构是“Interlibrary Loan (ILL) provides teachers, students and staff with access to...”；“to books that are checked out or not owned by our own libraries” 是介词短语作定语，修饰 access；“that are checked out or not owned by our own libraries” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 books；“as well as digitized copies of articles and book chapters from our collection” 是并列宾语，与 books 并列。
句意：图书馆间互借服务 (ILL) 为教师、学生和职工提供了借阅已被借出或本馆未收藏的书籍的途径，同时也提供了本馆收藏的文章和书籍章节的数字化副本。
(2024 年新课标 I 卷完形填空) Between the girl making my achievement seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only reason I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!
解析：“Between the girl making my achievement seem small and the pure boredom of jogging” 是介词短语作状语，“making my achievement seem small” 是现在分词短语作定语，修饰 the girl；主句核心结构是 “I decided that...”，that 引导宾语从句；从句中 “the only reason I’d ever run again is if...” 是表语从句，“I’d ever run again” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 the only reason，省略了关系代词 why；if 引导表语从句，表 “如果”。
句意：这个女孩使得我自己的跑步成就看起来如此微小，跑步又是如此枯燥乏味，我决定再次跑步的唯一原因是有一只大狗在后面追赶我！
(2023 年全国乙卷完形填空) As it turned out, Douglas did exactly what she needed to do to become Olympic champion when she defeated two Russians.
解析：“As it turned out” 是固定表达，表 “结果是、事实证明”，as 引导非限制性定语从句；主句核心结构是 “Douglas did exactly what she needed to do”；“what she needed to do to become Olympic champion” 是宾语从句，作 did 的宾语，“to become Olympic champion” 是不定式短语作目的状语；“when she defeated two Russians” 是时间状语从句，说明成为冠军的时间背景。
句意：训练结果是，Douglas 毫不差地做到了成为一名奥运会冠军所要做到的一切，这点在她击败两位俄罗斯运动员后就证实了。
(2022 年全国甲卷完形填空) While I was thrilled that he was an animal lover, I worried that three dogs were perhaps too many, and my dogs might attack Flora, the cat.
解析：While 引导让步状语从句，表 “虽然”；从句中 “that he was an animal lover” 是宾语从句，作 thrilled 的宾语；主句核心结构是 “I worried that...”，that 引导宾语从句，从句中包含两个并列分句 “three dogs were perhaps too many” 和 “my dogs might attack Flora, the cat”，the cat 是 Flora 的同位语。
句意：虽然我很高兴他是一名爱狗男士，但我又担心三只狗太多，而且我的狗有可能会攻击他的猫 Flora。
(2021 年全国乙卷完形填空) And it came to me then how much easier it would be if we had a range of words that express different grades of gratitude (感谢).
解析：本句为“it came to sb. that...” 句型，表 “某人突然想到……”，it 是形式主语，真正主语是 how 引导的主语从句；从句中 “if we had a range of words that express different grades of gratitude” 是条件状语从句；“that express different grades of gratitude” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 a range of words。
句意：那时我突然意识到，如果我们有一系列能表达不同程度感谢的词汇，那么事情会容易得多。
(2020 年全国 III 卷完形填空) She had split up with her husband the week before, was living in a flat by herself, and since she’d found it too much to cope with (应对), she’d taken it out on other people.
解析：本句是由 and 连接的并列复合句。第一个分句包含两个并列谓语 “had split up with her husband” 和 “was living in a flat by herself”；第二个分句中 since 引导原因状语从句，“it too much to cope with” 中 it 指代前文提到的 “与丈夫分手独自生活” 这件事；“taken it out on other people” 表示 “拿别人撒气”。
句意：一周前，她与丈夫分了手，独自住在一间公寓里。由于她发现自己难以承受，便拿别人撒气。
(2019 年全国 Ⅰ 卷语法填空) Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.
解析：主句核心结构是“Scientists have responded by noting that...”，by noting that... 是介词短语作方式状语；that 引导宾语从句；“leading to the illusion that populations are higher than they actually are” 是现在分词短语作结果状语；“that populations are higher than they actually are” 是同位语从句，解释说明 illusion 的内容，than 引导比较状语从句。
句意：科学家们做出回应指出，饥饿的北极熊聚集在人类生活区才导致了人们的错觉：北极熊种群数量比实际的要多。
(2018 年全国 Ⅱ 卷语法填空) The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：主句核心结构是“The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that...”，that 引导宾语从句；宾语从句中 “between 2005—and 2011” 是时间状语，破折号之间是 when 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 2005，其中 “that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 a soil-testing program；“dropped by 7.7 million tons” 表示 “减少了 770 万吨”。
句意：中国农业部发现，自 2005 年以来 —— 中国政府实施了一项土壤检测项目，为农民提供有针对性的化肥使用建议 —— 到 2011 年之间，化肥使用量减少了 770 万吨。
(2017 年全国 Ⅲ 卷完形填空) The ticket had a strict no-transfer (不可转让) policy, but since passport information was not required when booking, any Canadian Elizabeth Gallagher can use it.
解析：本句是由 but 连接的并列复合句。第一个分句为简单句；第二个分句中 since 引导原因状语从句，“when booking” 是时间状语从句的省略形式，完整形式为 “when it is booking”；主句核心结构是 “any Canadian Elizabeth Gallagher can use it”，it 指代 the ticket。
句意：该票有严格的不可转让政策，但由于预订时没有要求提供护照信息，任何加拿大籍的 Elizabeth Gallagher 都能够使用它。
(2016 年全国 Ⅲ 卷语法填空) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B. C., influenced the development of chopsticks.
解析：主句核心结构是“Some people think that...”，that 引导宾语从句；从句中 “who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B. C.” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 Confucius；“influenced the development of chopsticks” 是从句的谓语和宾语。
句意：一些人认为这位生活在公元前约 551-479 年的中国伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展。
